Waterjet Cutting for Soft Gasket Materials

Sep 01, 2024

Soft gasket materials like sponge rubber are tricky to cut accurately because they tend to distort. We deal with this by offering waterjet cutting. It’s a fast and efficient process that’s ideal for cutting large, complex shapes from thinner material. Here’s why to ask for it.

What is Waterjet Cutting?

The process uses a thin jet of fast-moving water to slice through material. The machines look like laser cutters with a gantry that moves the cutting head over a sheet of material. A pump pressurizes the water to around 90,000 psi, forcing it through an orifice 0.015” diameter. This stream of water moves faster than sound, which lets it wear away material it flows against.

For faster cutting an abrasive material is fed into the stream. Abrasive waterjet cutting can cut metals as well as non-metals.

Advantages for Gasket Materials

Applies little force to the material being cut, which minimizes distortion
Accuracy of +/-0.007”
Kerf (the width of the material cut away) less than 0.050”
Tight nesting is possible to improve material utilization
Cut holes with diameters as small as 20% of the sheet thickness
Cut stacks of sheet material: Maximum cut thickness is around 6”, although this is material dependent

In comparison with laser cutting, two advantages are:

No heat affected zone on material edges
High cutting speeds on nonmetallic materials: Rubber sheet ¾” thick can be cut at up to 90’/minute.

Limitations

As the jet moves through the material it deflects rearwards from the direction of travel and can waver slightly from side to side. This results in striations along the sides of thicker material and requires lower speeds when moving into corners.

On thick material jet divergence creates a slight taper from top to bottom. This is handled by angling the waterjet away from the edge of the piece being cut, so putting all the taper in the offcut “lace”.

Gaskets Cut by Water

Hennig Gasket and Seals can waterjet gaskets up to 6’x8’ and 5’x13’. If you’re interested in waterjet-cut gasket material, contact us for a quote.

FAQs

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Fuel-Resistant Gasket Materials

Aug 01, 2024

Gasoline, diesel and kerosene are difficult fluids to seal. Pick the wrong material and you risk a flammable liquid leaking. In this blog we’ll discuss fuel-resistant gasket materials and why it’s important to choose from the short list of those available.

The Fuel Sealing Challenge

Hydrocarbons, the basis of most liquid fuels, cause many materials to swell. This happens because either fuel causes a chemical reaction in the material, it acts as a solvent and partially dissolves the material, or the material absorbs some of the fuel. With some fuel/material combinations all three are possible.

These changes increase the load on the joint and may make the gasket extrude out sideways. They’ll also make the material less elastic and therefore more likely to fail. What’s more, the changes aren’t reversible.

The Best Fuel-Resistant Gasket Material

The first choice for almost every fuel application should be nitrile rubber, sometimes called NBR or Buna-N. Nitrile is a synthetic rubber with a working temperature range of -30 to 200⁰F. Hardness is typically 60 – 80 shore and it resists compression set and abrasion.

Nitrile resists attack by a long list of chemicals, especially hydrocarbons like oils, greases and of course fuels. Other chemicals it withstands include ozone plus solvents like acetone and MEK.

Alternatives to Nitrile

Most fuel applications don’t need the gasket material to have a high upper temperature limit. If this is necessary the best alternative is probably FKM/Viton®. Viton remains flexible at up to 400⁰F and has similar fuel-resistance to nitrile rubber. The main reason for choosing nitrile over Viton, assuming the upper temperature is below nitrile’s limit, is cost. Viton is not cheap.

Another fuel-resistant gasket material to consider is PTFE. This lacks the compressibility and elastic recovery of nitrile or Viton but conforms readily to uneven surfaces and has a very wide working temperature range.

Nitrile Rubber From Hennig Gasket & Seals

We carry nitrile gasket material in a range of sheet thicknesses and can waterjet, flash or die-cut it to the precise geometry you need. Contact us for more information.

Nitrile Gaskets

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Rubber for Vibration Damping

Jul 01, 2024

Another use for rubber, besides sealing and impact absorption, is vibration damping. This is where its natural elasticity is used to absorb vibrations rather than letting them spread through a machine or structure.

Most elastomeric materials will dampen vibration to an extent, although the reduction is related to vibration frequency. Vibration dampening rubber however is rubber that’s been optimized for the purpose of reducing vibration transmission.

Why Dampen Vibration?

Vibration in a structure can loosen fasteners, accelerate fatigue and cracking, and transmit sound. Thrumming in air ducts is an example of this last effect where air movement makes panels vibrate.

Vibration is reduced by placing an absorbent material between joints. As vibrations pass from the rigid members into this softer material, they make it compress and recover. This absorbs energy that would otherwise be transmitted through the structure.

In the case of vibrating panels the solution is a little different. Here the goal is to stop the panel moving. This is done by adding mass, often in the form of a heavy elastomeric (rubberlike) material. This might be bonded to the surface or can be sprayed on like a paint.

Vibration Dampening Rubber

Natural rubber or gum rubber makes an excellent vibration-absorbing material. Firmness is measured by durometer with lower durometer material being softer and more vibration-absorbing.

Gum rubber is flexible from -40°F but its upper limit is only around 140°F. It tends to harden when exposed to UV, so is best restricted to indoor applications. Its resistance to acids, alkalies, and citrates is good but it is attacked by oils, gasoline, and hydrocarbon solvents.

Closed cell rubber has excellent vibration dampening characteristics with the cell walls acting like micro-springs. It does however lack strength and can be damaged if over-compressed.

Damping or Dampening? Hennig Doesn’t Mind

We have it on good authority that either word works. “Dampen” means to reduce, which is why some people prefer that to “damping” which is the act of dampening. Whichever you like to use is fine with us. Just remember to consult our specialists for your vibration dampening rubber needs.

Rubber Gaskets

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Introduction to Pump Packing Materials

Jun 01, 2024

Packing is a simple but cost-effective way to minimize leakage from around pump shafts. Over time though, it needs periodic adjustment to take up wear. Eventually, when the pump packing material no longer seals effectively, it must be replaced.

This blog provides an overview of packing and discusses the options for pump packing materials.

Sealing Around the Shaft

A fundamental challenge in pump design is to prevent the fluid being pumped from escaping along the impeller shaft. Mechanical seals are an option, but they add complexity and cost. As a result, most pumps rely on compression packing.

Packing involves surrounding the shaft with a braided, rope-like material. This is pushed into a region of the pump housing called the stuffing box. A cylindrical packing gland is passed over the shaft and used to compress, (or stuff), the packing material around the shaft. The gland, sometimes called the follower, is bolted into place to maintain compression on the packing. As the packing wears, these fasteners are tightened to maintain the seal.

Friction, Heat and Leakage

As the packing material presses against the shaft, rotation generates heat from friction. To prevent overheating, the packing gland is tightened to a level that allows a very small leak. Thus the fluid being pumped the both lubricates and cools the packing-shaft interface.

This creates two challenges: the packing material must withstand sliding contact with the shaft, and it must also have appropriate chemical compatibility.

Options for Pump Packing Materials

The principal material choices are fabric reinforced rubber and graphite. Homogeneous rubber with no reinforcement works in some applications while expanded PTFE with graphite fiber is used in others.

At Hennig Gasket & Seals we carry a wide range of Garlock pump packing materials. Their Chevron® line has solutions for most packing needs, while for abrasive liquids Garlock SLUDGE-PAK® is often the answer.

Packing material selection is driven by shaft speed in surface feet per minute, and fluid type and temperature. For advice on what will suit your application, please have this information to hand when you contact us.

Garlock Gaskets

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What is Compressibility of Gasket Material

May 01, 2024

Compressibility goes to heart of what gaskets do. Here we’ll explain what gasket compressibility is and why it’s such an important property of gasket materials.

Compress to Seal

Gaskets are used to seal mating services, particularly between flanges. They take up imperfections in the two surfaces that would otherwise let the fluid being sealed leak out, and accommodate any changes in the gap as might be caused by temperature changes or vibration.

Gasket material works by deforming against the harder flange to take up even microscopic deviations in the surface. Compressibility is a measure of how readily the material does this.

Recovery From Compression

Gasket compressibility goes hand-in-hand with recovery. This is the degree to which the material springs back to its original thickness after being compressed.

Recovery matters because every joint is somewhat dynamic. Whether it’s opened and closed repeatedly, like an access door or panel, or just subject to varying temperatures, loads and vibrations, the effective gap being sealed will keep changing size. To maintain a seal the gasket material must expand and compress with these changes.

Closely related, compression set is when a material doesn’t spring back to its original thickness as the clamping load is removed.

Compressibility Measurement and Specification

The ASTM F36 test provides a standardized way of measuring gasket compressibility. The data needs some interpretation because the test conditions almost certainly don’t replicate your application, but it lets you compare materials.

Compressibility is stated as a percentage of the original thickness. Recovery is given as a percentage of the compression.

Material Selection Considerations

In general, materials that compress readily under light loads lack strength. Open cell foam is a prime example. You wouldn’t use this to seal a pressurized gas or liquid as it would almost certainly fail.

EPDM, neoprene and cork are examples of materials with good compressibility. Higher strength materials tend to have lower compressibility.

Gasket material manufacturers publish ASTM F36 test data, but for advice on a specific application, consult a gasket specialist, like those at Hennig Gasket & Seals.

FAQs

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Synthetic Cork for Gaskets: Advantages & Properties

Apr 01, 2024

Cork is one of the oldest gasket materials, but it still has a role in sealing applications. It’s a flexible, closed-cell material that resists water and oil, and has excellent compressibility. However, as a natural material – cork is the bark of the cork oak tree – it can vary in quality. It’s also susceptible to various types of mold.

Synthetic cork is intended to have the same wide set of useful properties but without these limitations.

Composition Cork Vs. Cork Rubber

The natural cork used for gaskets is almost always composition cork. This is a conglomeration of cork particles held together with a binder. It’s produced in sheets up to ¼” thick and is usually die cut to produce gaskets.

The synthetic cork used for gaskets, also known as rubberized cork or cork rubber, improves upon composition cork by adding an elastomeric material. Rubberized cork is usually composed of 70% natural cork particles and 30% neoprene or NBR.

In addition to its role as a gasket material, natural cork has long been used as a stopper for wine bottles. In recent years supply shortages and problems resulting from natural variability have prompted development of synthetic cork. Made primarily from polyethylene, this works for sealing bottles, but isn’t going to make good gaskets.

Properties of Rubberized Cork

Neoprene resists oils and greases. Cork made with NBR resists these plus fuels and many solvents. The upper temperature limit for both is 250 °F.

Good applications are those that need a very compressible material. Flanges with uneven surfaces and those made from material that deforms under load are often best sealed with rubberized or synthetic cork gasket material.

Hennig, For All Your Gasket Material Needs

When replacing a gasket it’s usually best to stick with the material that came out. If that looks like a composition or synthetic cork, we can help. We carry rubberized gasket material in sheet and roll form, up to 48” wide and ¼” thick. Synthetic cork is readily die cut to the shape needed. Contact us for a quote.

Cork Gaskets

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Measure the Hardness of Rubber Gasket Material

Mar 01, 2024

When specifying gasket material, along with factors like strength, working temperature range and chemical resistance, it’s important to consider hardness. Hardness determines how well a material fits against uneven surfaces, with softer materials performing better.

The hardness of rubbers and other elastomeric materials is specified primarily in terms of durometer or Shore number. Here’s an introduction to this rubber hardness scale.

Measurement by Indentation

Hardness is generally measured by pressing a point into a sample of material. Measuring the size, depth, or both, of the resulting indentation indicates the hardness.

For materials softer than metals, hardness is measured with durometer. This uses a calibrated spring to push a conical foot into the material. The foot penetrates further into softer material with depth inversely proportional to hardness.

A procedure for durometer testing is given in ASTM D2250. This standard covers factors like test duration, material temperature, material thickness, and minimum distance of the indenter from an edge.

Rubber Hardness Scales

The readout from a durometer is a dimensionless number on a scale from 0 to 100. A 0 shows the indenter went through the material while a reading of 100 means it left no mark at all.

As the hardness of rubbers and other elastomers covers a wide range – think latex gloves to golf balls – hardness values are reported using one of three scales. Developed by Albert Shore in the 1920s, these scales are identified as 00, A and D.

Originally there were other scales, but these are the only ones used today, and only Shore A and D are relevant for gasket material. The scales overlap so for example, the hardness of a particular rubber could be either 75 Shore A or 50 Shore D.

Specifying Rubber Gasket Material Hardness

Softer rubbers and elastomeric materials are preferred for sealing applications, with Shore A the rubber hardness scale used most often. Common gasket materials like NBR, EPDM and silicone are produced in a wide range of hardnesses: most are available from 30 to 80 Shore A. If you need assistance with hardness specification, Hennig Gasket and Seals can help.

Rubber Gaskets

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Is PTFE Safe?

Feb 01, 2024

Some PTFE material can be used for gaskets and seals in the food and medical equipment industries, and some cannot. Here’s why you might want to use PTFE, and the difference between material that is and is not FDA approved.

PTFE as a Sealing Material

Polytetrafluoroethylene, a.k.a. PTFE, also sold under the tradename Teflon®, has properties that make it an excellent choice for many sealing applications.

Extremely inert chemically – fluorine and nitric acid are its only vulnerabilities
Soft, so it conforms to uneven sealing surfaces
Remains plastic down to -400°F and is still usable at 500°F (-240 to 260°C)
Slippery surface assists fastener tightening

PTFE is sold in both sheet form and as expanded PTFE. Expanded, it’s softer and more compliant than the sheet version.

In high bolt load applications PTFE suffers from creep. This is reduced by adding fillers. Glass, carbon and graphite are the most commonly used. They increase strength without significantly impairing the other properties.

Safe and UnSafe PTFE

Pure or virgin PTFE is completely inert so can safely be used in applications where it will come into contact with food, pharmaceuticals or healthcare products. In fact it’s so safe the FDA classes it as “Generally Recognized As Safe” (GRAS). (The relevant regulation is 21CFR177.1550.) This means it’s suitable for gaskets, seals and washers on mixers, storage vessels, kettles and similar equipment.

Filled PTFE does not meet the GRAS criteria and is therefore not FDA approved for food and medical applications. Despite their higher strength, these grades of PTFE must not be used in places where they could be ingested or otherwise taken into the human body.

Expert Advice on Gasket Materials

When choosing a gasket material for food processing or medical equipment applications, a PTFE gasket can be a good choice. However, only the virgin grades are considered safe, and these are prone to creep under high bolt loads. Filled PTFE offers more strength but doesn’t come in FDA-approved grades.

Gasket material selection can be complicated. For expert advice on materials, chemical compatibility and FDA-approved materials, contact us and speak to a product specialist.

PTFE Gaskets

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When Should You Ask for Butyl Rubber?

Jan 15, 2024

Synthetic rubber materials like SBR were developed to increase the supply and compensate for the limitations of natural rubber. For most of these man-made elastomers, while they excel in some regards, they fall short in others. Poor weather and ozone resistance are two of the biggest weaknesses.

Butyl rubber is a synthetic material that plugs this gap. Suitable for a range of sealing applications, it also has great damping and permeability characteristics. Here’s a closer look.

Butyl Rubber Basics

As polymerized at the factory, butyl rubber is white or colorless. It’s usually blended with carbon black to make it black, although other colors are possible.

Butyl rubber is much more dense than other synthetic rubbers, so it’s heavier, but this means it’s a very good absorber of vibration. The same chemical structure that creates high density also renders it impermeable to liquids and gases. (Other synthetic rubber materials like SBR and EPDM have a degree of gas permeability.)

Butyl rubber is on the softer side, (It’s available with Shore A ratings of 40 to 90 but is usually around 65), and has a working temperature range of -40 to 285°F. It’s also resistant to water, dilute acids, and animal and vegetable oils.

Limitations of Butyl Rubber

Butyl rubber will tend to take a compression set, limiting its use as a gasket in applications where the joint will be opened up periodically. Its abrasion resistance is only moderate and it is attacked by hydrocarbon fuels and oils.

Good Applications for Butyl Rubber

The biggest market for butyl rubber is automobile tires, where it’s used as a liner material. In terms of seals and gaskets, applications include:

Tank liners
Pond liners
Cushioning
Shock absorbers
Flange and full-face gaskets, especially for outdoor applications

Butyl Rubber Sheet Cut to Shape

Ask for butyl rubber when you need impermeability, weather-resistance or cushioning. Hennig Gasket & Seals has butyl rubber sheet form and a range of thicknesses. We can die, flash or waterjet cut it to the exact size and shape you need. Contact us to discuss your needs and get a quote.

Rubber Gaskets, SBR Gaskets

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Will Acetone Damage Rubber Seals?

Jan 10, 2024

When choosing rubber gasket material it’s important to consider chemical compatibility. What’s sometimes overlooked though is that compatibility relates to more than just the fluid being sealed. Cleaning agents and solvents that will come into contact with the sealing material must also be considered.

One widely used cleaner/solvent is acetone. While compatible with some types of rubber, it reacts negatively with others. Here’s what to consider.

Acetone Exposure

Although perhaps best known as a nail polish remover, acetone has many other uses. It’s a key ingredient in lacquers used in the automotive and furniture industries, it’s used in some textile manufacturing, and it’s an industrial cleaner, particularly in the printed circuit board sector.

Chemists classify acetone as a ketone. It’s generally harmless to humans, although is very flammable. However, it will damage some types of rubber.

Rubber Takes Many Forms

In its original sense, “rubber” refers to an elastic material made from the sap of the rubber tree. Today though it’s often used as a general term for almost any elastomeric material.

The closest materials to natural rubber are SBR or red rubber, and NBR, also known as nitrile and Buna-N. (These were originally developed as synthetic forms of natural rubber.) Then there are other elastomers like neoprene, EPDM, silicon and FKM/Viton® that behave in similar, often superior, ways to natural rubber. All these are sometimes lumped under the heading of “rubber”. This causes a problem because they react differently to chemicals like acetone.

Positive and Negative Compatibility

The good news is that acetone won’t react with or degrade EPDM. Unfortunately it reacts negatively with many other rubber-like gasket materials.

With natural rubber, SBR and neoprene, the degradation is minimal: brief exposure is unlikely to cause any problems. However, in NBR and FKM/Viton it causes swelling which can quickly lead to failure of the seal. For this reason these types of rubber are best kept away from acetone.

If in Doubt, Ask an Expert

Material compatibility is an important part of gasket material selection. If you have any concerns, contact us and speak with a specialist.

Flange Gaskets

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